Canada holds the third largest oil reserves after Saudi Arabia and Venezuela, and is the only non-OPEC member in the top five. [184][188][189] The use of the executive powers is directed by the Cabinet, a committee of ministers of the Crown responsible to the elected House of Commons and chosen and headed by the prime minister (at present Justin Trudeau),[190] the head of government. WebImmigrate to work and live in Canada . [11] In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada. COVID-19 booster dose. [125] Canada has over 2,000,000 lakes563 of which are larger than 100km2 (39sqmi)containing much of the world's fresh water. [27], The desire for responsible government resulted in the abortive Rebellions of 1837. [10], From the 16th to the early 18th century, "Canada" referred to the part of New France that lay along the Saint Lawrence River. thng tin) cn gi l Gia N i) l quc gia c din tch ln th hai trn th gii, v nm cc bc ca Bc M. [274] Many towns in northern Canada, where agriculture is difficult, are sustained by nearby mines or sources of timber. Due to changes in testing policies across Canada, case counts shown may be lower than actual numbers. Despite Canadas great size, it is one of the worlds most sparsely populated countries. A fuel pump is seen in a car at a gas station in Toronto April 22, 2014. The Arctic Ocean is to the north of Canada. [349], The country's ten largest self-reported specific ethnic or cultural origins in 2021 were Canadian[c] (accounting for 15.6percent of the population), followed by English (14.7percent), Irish (12.1percent), Scottish (12.1percent), French (11.0percent), German (8.1percent), Chinese (4.7percent), Italian (4.3percent), Indian (3.7percent), and Ukrainian (3.5percent). [212] These rights may include provision of services, such as health care through the Indian Health Transfer Policy, and exemption from taxation. [298] The main drivers of population growth are immigration and, to a lesser extent, natural growth. The earliest work of patriotic music in Canada, "The Bold Canadian", was written in 1812. Zellers canada locations 2023. [416] Modern symbols emphasize the country's geography, cold climate, lifestyles and the Canadianization of traditional European and Indigenous symbols. [250], Canada has a highly developed mixed-market economy,[252][253] with the world's eighth-largest economy as of 2022[update], and a nominal GDP of approximately US$2.221trillion. [260], In 2021, Canadian trade in goods and services reached $2.016trillion. [338] Four universities are regularly ranked among the top 100 world-wide, namely University of Toronto, University of British Columbia, McGill University and McMaster University, with a total of 18 universities ranked in the top 500 worldwide. [181][182][183][184] The reigning monarch is KingCharles III, who is also monarch of 14 other Commonwealth countries and each of Canada's 10 provinces. WebCanada has ten provinces and three territories that are sub-national administrative divisions under the jurisdiction of the Canadian Constitution.In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North AmericaNew Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Province of Canada (which upon Confederation was divided into Ontario and Quebec)united to Canada has ten provinces and three territories that are sub-national administrative divisions under the jurisdiction of the Canadian Constitution.In the 1867 Canadian Confederation, three provinces of British North AmericaNew Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and the Province of Canada (which upon Confederation was divided into Ontario and Quebec)united to form a federation, Through their language, art and music, Indigenous peoples continue to influence the Canadian identity. [94] After two referendums, Newfoundlanders voted to join Canada in 1949 as a province. [464] "The Maple Leaf Forever", written in 1866, was a popular patriotic song throughout English Canada and for many years served as an unofficial national anthem. As much a piece of history as a natural wonder, Canadas. [111] In 1997, the Supreme Court ruled unilateral secession by a province would be unconstitutional and the Clarity Act was passed by parliament, outlining the terms of a negotiated departure from Confederation. Learn about labour mobility between provinces and territories. COVID-19 vaccines have helped protect us. [56] To avert conflict in Quebec, the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act 1774, expanding Quebec's territory to the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley. [189] Canada's three territories also have legislatures, but these are not sovereign and have fewer constitutional responsibilities than the provinces. [395][396][397] Canada has placed emphasis on equality and inclusiveness for all its people. [217][218] Canada's peacekeeping role during the 20th century has played a major role in its global image. Given its abundant natural resources, highly skilled labor force, and modern capital stock, Canada enjoyed solid economic growth from 1993 through 2007. [236] Canada has since served in over 50 peacekeeping missions, including every UN peacekeeping effort until 1989,[85] and has since maintained forces in international missions in Rwanda, the former Yugoslavia, and elsewhere; Canada has sometimes faced controversy over its involvement in foreign countries, notably in the 1993 Somalia affair. Indigenous peoples are not considered a visible minority in Statistics Canada calculations. [115] Canada also joined the Gulf War in 1990 as part of a United Statesled coalition force and was active in several peacekeeping missions in the 1990s, including the UNPROFOR mission in the former Yugoslavia. [161] An emphasis on social justice has been a distinguishing element of Canada's political culture. [380] With Christianity in decline after having once been central and integral to Canadian culture and daily life,[381] Canada has become a post-Christian, secular state. TORONTO - Canadas mens basketball team will play exhibition games against Spain and Argentina this summer in preparation for the 2023 FIBA World Cup. [438] Canada has a well-developed media sector, but its cultural outputparticularly in English films, television shows, and magazinesis often overshadowed by imports from the United States. Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near 15C (5F), but can drop below 40C (40F) with severe wind chills. [109][110] A second referendum followed in 1995, in which sovereignty was rejected by a slimmer margin of 50.6 to 49.4 percent. Christians, representing 53.3percent of the population in 2021, are followed by people reporting irreligion or having no religion at 34.6percent. [9] In 1535, Indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona. [297][307], The majority of Canadians (81.1percent) live in family households, 12.1percent report living alone, and those living with other relatives or unrelated persons reported at 6.8percent. [42] French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived in 1603 and established the first permanent year-round European settlements at Port Royal (in 1605) and Quebec City (in 1608). [225], Canada and the United States share the world's longest undefended border, co-operate on military campaigns and exercises, and are each other's largest trading partner. 4,524,782. [268] The Canada United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA) of 1988 eliminated tariffs between the two countries, while the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) expanded the free-trade zone to include Mexico in 1994 (later replaced by the CanadaUnited StatesMexico Agreement). Canada is bordered by non-contiguous US state of Alaska in the northwest and by 12 other US states in the south. [266] In the 1970s, concerns over energy self-sufficiency and foreign ownership in the manufacturing sectors prompted Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau's Liberal government to enact the National Energy Program (NEP) and the Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA). Canada is a country in the northern part of North America. [296], The 2021 Canadian census enumerated a total population of 36,991,981, an increase of around 5.2 percent over the 2016 figure. English and French have equal status in federal courts, Parliament, and in all federal institutions. as, for instance, in the following example of a show funded by the Government of Canada at the Peel Art Gallery Museum + Archives, Brampton: officially bilingual (English and French), long and complex relationship with the United States, 24th highest nominal per capita income globally, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Organisation internationale de la Francophonie, Linguistic areas of North American Indigenous peoples, Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada, the growth and change of Canada's provinces and territories, Indigenous peoples of the Canadian Prairies, hundreds of Indigenous people were discovered, world's largest land border with the United States, Terrestrial ecozones and ecoprovinces of Canada, fifteen terrestrial and five marine ecozones, endemic species compared to other countries, Lake Superior National Marine Conservation Area, Scott Islands Marine National Wildlife Area, minister of innovation, science and industry, constitutionally recognized rights to land, United Nations Conference on International Organization, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Canada United States Free Trade Agreement, has one of the highest levels of Internet access in the world, Health expenditure and financing by country, Canadian Institute for Health Information, Programme for International Student Assessment, Canada's federal government practices official bilingualism, The official state policy of multiculturalism, Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, Canadian Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences, "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population", Public Works and Government Services Canada Translation Bureau, "An Act to Re-write the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada, and for the Government of Canada", "November 8, 1951 (21st Parliament, 5th Session)", "Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada: Calls to Action", "L'Anse aux Meadows National Historic Site", "The Irish Emigration of 1847 and Its Canadian Consequences", "The Pacific Coast Borderland and Frontier", "Railway History in Canada | The Canadian Encyclopedia", "The Canadian West: An Archival Odyssey through the Records of the Department of the Interior", "Settling the West: Immigration to the Prairies from 1867 to 1914", "Social Policies in Canada: A Model for Development", "Proclamation of the Constitution Act, 1982", "Canada is celebrating 150 years of what, exactly? With an area of 9,984,670 square km, it is the worlds second-largest country by total area, falling behind Russia, and just beating out China and the United States. [92], Canada's strong attachment to the British Empire and Commonwealth led to major participation in British military efforts in the Second Boer War (18991902), World War I (19141918) and World War II (19391945). [48] In 1600, the French established their first seasonal trading post at Tadoussac along the Saint Lawrence. COVID-19 in Canada. [429] Since the 1980s, Canada's ethnic and cultural diversity has been openly reflected in its literature. Ontario. [215], Canada is recognized as a middle power for its role in international affairs with a tendency to pursue multilateral solutions. [206], Common law prevails everywhere except in Quebec, where civil law predominates. Quebec. [216] Canada is also a member of various other international and regional organizations and forums for economic and cultural affairs. [229], Canada maintains historic ties to the United Kingdom and France and to other former British and French colonies through Canada's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie. Alberta and Saskatchewan became provinces in 1905. One of North Americas largest urban green spaces, Stanley Park is revered for its dramatic forest-and-mountain oceanfront views. Many moved to Canada, particularly Atlantic Canada, where their arrival changed the demographic distribution of the existing territories. [458] Government support programs, such as the Canada Music Fund, assist a wide range of musicians and entrepreneurs who create, produce and market original and diverse Canadian music. Total cases. [298] Canada spans latitudinally from the 83rd parallel north to the 41st parallel north, and approximately 95percent of the population is found south of the 55th parallel north. [343], The mandatory education age ranges between 57 to 1618 years,[344] contributing to an adult literacy rate of 99 percent. [141] These ecozones encompass over 80,000 classified species of Canadian wildlife, with an equal number yet to be formally recognized or discovered. [19], Indigenous peoples in present-day Canada include the First Nations, Inuit, and Mtis,[20] the last being of mixed descent who originated in the mid-17th century when First Nations people married European settlers and subsequently developed their own identity. [320] Eightypercent of Canadian adults self-report having at least one major risk factor for chronic disease: smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating or excessive alcohol use. Ontario. Learn about labour mobility between provinces and territories. [152] Canada's oldest provincial park, Algonquin Provincial Park, established in 1893, covers an area of 7,653.45 square kilometres (2,955.01sqmi). [34] First Nations and Mtis peoples played a critical part in the development of European colonies in Canada, particularly for their role in assisting European coureur des bois and voyageurs in their explorations of the continent during the North American fur trade. [134] Canada is geologically active, having many earthquakes and potentially active volcanoes, notably Mount Meager massif, Mount Garibaldi, Mount Cayley, and the Mount Edziza volcanic complex. This widening autonomy was highlighted by the Statute of Westminster 1931 and culminated in the Canada Act 1982, which severed the vestiges of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. [238] In August 2007, Canada's territorial claims in the Arctic were challenged after a Russian underwater expedition to the North Pole; Canada has considered that area to be sovereign territory since 1925. [347][348], According to the 2021 Canadian census, over 450 "ethnic or cultural origins" were self-reported by Canadians. [89] In response to the downturn, the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in Saskatchewan introduced many elements of a welfare state (as pioneered by Tommy Douglas) in the 1940s and 1950s. Buy Victory Bonds". [228] For example, it maintains full relations with Cuba and declined to participate in the 2003 invasion of Iraq. [407][408][409] Canadians also identify with the country's foreign aid policies, peacekeeping roles, the National park system and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Canada is a country to the north of the United States. Everyone has the following fundamental freedoms: The practice of religion is generally considered a private matter throughout society and the state. [453], Canadian visual art has been dominated by figures such as painter Tom Thomson and by the Group of Seven. Canada is also bounded by the Arctic Ocean to the north, by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Find out what document you need to travel, visit family and friends, do business, or transit through Canada, and how to extend your stay. Attempts to accommodate Quebec nationalism constitutionally through the Meech Lake Accord failed in 1990. Canada is the largest foreign supplier of energy to the US, including oil, natural gas, and electric power, and a top source of US uranium imports. [211] Various treaties and case laws were established to mediate relations between Europeans and many Indigenous peoples. [258] The country's average household disposable income per capita is "well above" the OECD average. [98] Socially democratic programs were also instituted, such as Medicare, the Canada Pension Plan, and Canada Student Loans, though provincial governments, particularly Quebec and Alberta, opposed many of these as incursions into their jurisdictions. [261] Canada's exports totalled over $637billion, while its imported goods were worth over $631billion, of which approximately $391billion originated from the United States. English and French are its official languages. [474] Canadian teams in these leagues include seven franchises in the National Hockey League, as well as three Major League Soccer teams and one team in each of Major League Baseball and the National Basketball Association. [43] In 1534, French explorer Jacques Cartier explored the Gulf of Saint Lawrence where, on July 24, he planted a 10-metre (33ft) cross bearing the words "Long Live the King of France" and took possession of the territory New France in the name of King Francis I. [237], In 2001, Canada deployed troops to Afghanistan as part of the U.S. stabilization force and the UN-authorized, NATO-led International Security Assistance Force. 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